Places and Manner of Articulation in English

| PLACES OF ARTICULATION The active articulator usually moves in order to make the constriction. The passive articulator usually just sits there and gets approached. A sound's place of articulation is usually named by using the Latin adjective for the active articulator (ending with an â€Å"o†) followed by the Latin adjective for the passive articulator. For example, a sound where the tongue tip (the â€Å"apex†) approaches or touches the upper teeth is called an â€Å"apico-dental†. Most of the common combinations of active and passive articulator have abbreviated names (usually leaving out the active half).These are the abbreviated names for the places of articulation used in English: Bilabial The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper lip the passive articulator, though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little. ) English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m]. [pic] Labio-dental The lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulator. English labio-dental sounds include [f] and [v]. [pic] Dental Dental sounds involve the upper teeth as the passive articulator.The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade. Dentals are the initial sounds of words ‘thin’ and ‘that’. [pic] Alveolar Alveolar sounds involve the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue blade or (usually) the tongue tip. English alveolar sounds include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l]. [pic] Post alveolar Post alveolar sounds involve the area just behind the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade. English postalveolars include [[pic]r ]. pic] Linguists have traditionally used very inconsistent terminology in referring to the post alveolar POA. Some of the terms you may encounter for it include: palato-alveolar, alveo-palatal, alveolo-palatal, and even (especially among English-speakers) palatal. Many insist that palato-alveolar and alveo (lo)-palatal are two different things — though they don't agree which is which. â€Å"Post alveolar†, the official term used by the International Phonetic Association, is unambiguous, not to mention easier to spell. Palato-alveolar These are produced by two simultaneous articulations: ) the blade of tongue articulates against the teeth ridge. b) The front of tongue is raised towards the hard palate. e. g. initial sounds in words ‘ shampoo’, ‘jug’, ‘cheese’ are palato-alveolar sounds. Palatal The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard palate. The English glide [j] is a palatal. Velar[pic] The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the soft palate. English velars include [k], [g] and also ‘ingâ€℠¢ sound in word ‘knowing’. [pic] Glottal This isn't strictly a place of articulation, but they had to put it in the chart somewhere.Glottal sounds are made in the larynx. For the glottal stop, the vocal cords close momentarily and cut off all airflow through the vocal tract. In [h], the vocal cords are open, but close enough together that air passing between them creates friction noise. [pic] MANNER OF ARTICULATION †¢ Stop, an oral occlusive, where there is occlusion (blocking) of the oral vocal tract, and no nasal air flow, so the air flow stops completely. Examples include English /p t k/ (voiceless) and /b d ? / (voiced). If the consonant is voiced, the voicing is the only sound made during occlusion; if it is voiceless, a stop is completely silent.What we hear as a /p/ or /k/ is the effect that the onset of the occlusion has on the preceding vowel, as well as the release burst and its effect on the following vowel. The shape and position of the tongue (the plac e of articulation) determine the resonant cavity that gives different stops their characteristic sounds. All languages have stops. †¢ Nasal, a nasal occlusive, where there is occlusion of the oral tract, but air passes through the nose. The shape and position of the tongue determine the resonant cavity that gives different nasals their characteristic sounds. Examples include English /m, n/.Nearly all languages have nasals, the only exceptions being in the area of Puget Sound and a single language on Bougainville Island. †¢ Fricative, sometimes called spirant, where there is continuous frication (turbulent and noisy airflow) at the place of articulation. Examples include English /f, s/ (voiceless), /v, z/ (voiced), etc. Most languages have fricatives, though many have only an /s/. However, the Indigenous Australian languages are almost completely devoid of fricatives of any kind. †¢ Affricate, which begins like a stop, but this releases into a fricative rather than hav ing a separate release of its own.The English letters â€Å"ch† and â€Å"j† represent affricates. Affricates are quite common around the world, though less common than fricatives. †¢ Flap, often called a tap, is a momentary closure of the oral cavity. The â€Å"tt† of â€Å"utter† and the â€Å"dd† of â€Å"udder† are pronounced as a flap in North American and Australian English. Many linguists distinguish taps from flaps, but there is no consensus on what the difference might be. No language relies on such a difference. There are also lateral flaps. †¢ Trill, in which the articulator (usually the tip of the tongue) is held in place, and the airstream causes it to vibrate.The double â€Å"r† of Spanish â€Å"perro† is a trill. Trills and flaps, where there are one or more brief occlusions, constitute a class of consonant called rhotics. †¢ Approximant, where there is very little obstruction. Examples include Eng lish /w/ and /r/. In some languages, such as Spanish, there are sounds that seem to fall between fricative and approximant. †¢ One use of the word semivowel, sometimes called a glide, is a type of approximant, pronounced like a vowel but with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth, so that there is slight turbulence.In English, /w/ is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel /u/, and /j/ (spelled â€Å"y†) is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel /i/ in this usage. Other descriptions use semivowel for vowel-like sounds that are not syllabic, but do not have the increased stricture of approximants. These are found as elements in diphthongs. The word may also be used to cover both concepts. †¢ Lateral approximants, usually shortened to lateral, are a type of approximant pronounced with the side of the tongue. English /l/ is a lateral. Together with the rhotics, which have similar behavior in many languages, these form a class of consonant called liquids. [pic]

Enger Tower History

Enger Memorial Tower Enger Memorial Tower was built in 1939 in order to remember Bert Enger, who immigrated to Duluth from Norway and became a powerful and successful furniture store owner through hard work and dedication. He believed in sharing his success with the city that helped him achieve it and allowed Duluth to develop land near Enger Tower, including the building of a park and a golf course. When he died in 1931 he left two-thirds of his estate to Duluth. In order to commemorate Bert Enger the citry decided to build Enger Memorial Tower. The 70-foot tower was built on the highest of four mounds in Enger Park and was built by L. J. Kilippen and Son. Bert Enger’s urn was attached to the structure. The tower was made of native bluestone and stood five feet tall. The park also included trails, and a beautiful view of the city. For the dedication ceremony Crown Prince Olav of Norway came to dedicate the memorial. It was the prince’s second dedicatory ceremony while in America, he also dedicated the Norwegian Pavilion at World’s Fair in New York City. The park’s locations is one of its best assets; it is located on a bluff, overlooking the city. It also has some of the most beautiful gardens in Duluth. One of its gardens is located on a hill and includes dwarf conifers that branch out from rock outcroppings. Another serves as a sort of dedication to Duluth’s sister city, Oh Ara, Japan; this garden has a pavilion and peace bell. Another garden has over 4,000 daffodils in the spring and white birth and poplar trees year-round. Hostas, full trees, and over 200 perennials line the path to the tower. Location: 16th Avenue West and Skyline Drive â€Å"The whole park has a relaxed and family friendly atmosphere. † -University of Minnesota

Dementia to Elderly in Uk

Abstract Dementia is characterized by evidence of short term and long term memory impairment with impaired abstract thinking, impaired judgment, disturbances of higher cortical thinking, and personality changes. It is basically a progressive decline of cerebral utility such as logic, remembrance, language, problem solving, or concentration. This disease greatly harms the day by day performance of a person and is seen more in older people, however, is not a normal part of aging. . INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Aim The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the effects of dementia in older people and to suggest possible solutions for its prevention and treatment. 1. 2. Objectives Primary objective of this research is to see how effective the health care management systems are for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dementia syndrome specially keeping in view the population of UK. 1. 3. Dementia defined The International Dictionary of Psychology (Sutherland, 1989) defines it as â€Å"an impairment or loss of mental ability, particularly of the capacity to remember, but also including impaired thought, speech, judgment, and personality. It occurs in senile dementia and in conditions involving widespread damage to the brain or narrowing of the blood vessels†. In the preceding definition, Sutherland introduced a different term, senile dementia. Senile is derived from the Latin adverb senex pertaining to age or growing old. This shows that some dementias occur at later or older ages for reasons not known. Definition of senile dementia as per The International Dictionary of Psychology is that it is â€Å"a progressive syndrome starting in old age with no clear cause, in which intellect, memory, and judgment are impaired; it is often accompanied by apathy or irritability† (Sutherland, 1989, p. 397). 1. 4. How common is dementia? In England only, there are approximately 570,000 people living with dementia. It is expected that this number would double in the coming 30 years (Barberger-Gateau, 2007). Generally dementia arises in people who are 65 years of age above. The chances of developing it are more as one gets old as compare to young people. Roughly, it is anticipated that dementia occurs in: †¢1. 4% of men and 1. 5% of women aged between 65 and 69, †¢3. 1% of men and 2. 2% of women aged between 70 and 74, †¢5. 6% of men and 7. 1% of women aged between 75 and 79, †¢10. 2 % of men and 14. 1% of women aged between 80 and 84, and †¢19. 6% of men and 27. 5% of women aged 85 or over. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW In the preceding paragraphs, we will discuss in detail the different kinds of dementia that occur to people at older age along with a number of causes that lead towards this syndrome. . 1. Types of dementia Following are the different types of dementia recognized so far (Davidson, 2005): †¢Alzheimer's disease, where tiny clusters of protein, known as plaques, start to build up around brain cells. This upsets the regular workings of the brain. †¢Vascular dementia, where troubles with blood distribution result in uneven supply of blood and oxygen to certain parts of the brain. †¢Dementia with Lewy bodies, where irregular structures, known as Lewy bodies, grow inside the brain. †¢Frontotemporal dementia, where the two parts of the brain, frontal and temporal lobes, start to shrink. Not like other types of dementia, frontotemporal dementia typically grows in people who are below 65 years of age and is very rare than other types of dementia. 2. 2. Different Kinds of Dementia Different kinds of dementing disorders exist. One way of classification is according to parts of the brain being affected. Some frequently used classifications are as follows: †¢Cortical dementia: This type of dementia damages the brain particularly affecting the brain's cortex, or outer layer. Problems such as memory, language, thinking, and social behavior results due to this disoder. Sub cortical dementia: It affects parts of the brain below the cortex and causes changes in emotions and movements along with damaging memory. †¢Progressive dementia: It gets worse with the passage of time, thus interfering more and more with cognitive abilities. †¢Primary dementia: This denotes to that form that does not result from any other disease such as AD. †¢Secondary dementia: This type of dementia occurs due to some physical disease or injury. †¢Treatable Dementia: About 10 percent of conditions that cause dementia are treatable. With treatment, the dementia can either be upturned or at least halted. Instances of conditions that cause treatable cases of dementia comprise of the following: ?Normal pressure hydrocephalus ?A brain tumor or brain cancer ?Hypothyroidism ?Vitamin B12 deficiency ?Neurosyphilis ?Reactions to medications ?Poisoning. †¢Non-Treatable Dementia: Types of dementia that currently have no cure include: †¢Lewy body dementia †¢Binswanger's disease †¢Frontotemporal dementia †¢Corticobasal degeneration †¢Certain conditions that can cause childhood dementia †¢HIV-associated dementia Other infections within the brain, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease †¢Huntington's disease and other rare hereditary dementias †¢Head trauma, such as dementia pugilistica (also known as boxer's syndrome). Several types of dementia fit into more than one of these classifications. For instance, AD is considered both a cortical as well as progressive dementia. 2. 3Causes 2. 3 . 1Alzheimer's disease It is the most common cause of dementia, affecting around 417,000 people in the UK. German neurologist Alois Alzheimer first described Alzheimer's disease. According to him, it is a physical disease affecting the brain. All through the course of the disease, plaques and tangles develop in the brain, thus leading to the loss of brain cells. Shortage of some important chemicals in the brain also results due to this disease. These chemicals are concerned with the spread of messages within the brain. 2. 3. 2Vascular dementia Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. There are a number of conditions that can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. This means it is important that these conditions are identified and treated at the earliest opportunity. 2. 3. 3Dementia with Lewy bodies Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a form of dementia that has characteristics similar to both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It makes around four per cent of all cases of dementia in older people. Lewy bodies, named after the doctor who first identified them in 1912, are tiny, spherical protein deposits found in nerve cells. Their presence in the brain disrupts the brain's normal functioning, interrupting the action of important chemical messengers, including acetylcholine and dopamine. Researchers have yet to understand fully why Lewy bodies occur in the brain and how they cause damage. 2. 3. 4Fronto-temporal dementia The term ‘fronto-temporal dementia' includes conditions such as Pick's disease, frontal lobe degeneration, and dementia associated with motor neurone disease. All these are due to damage to the frontal lobe and/or the temporal parts of the brain. These areas are responsible for our behaviour, emotional responses and language skills. . 3. 5Korsakoff's syndrome Korsakoff's syndrome is a brain disorder usually linked with heavy alcohol utilization over a long period. Sometimes it is referred to as ‘alcohol amnestic syndrome' ? ‘amnestic' meaning loss of memory ? although in rare cases alcohol is not the cause. Although Korsakoff's syndrome is not strictly speaking a dementia , people with the condition suffer loss of short-term memory. 2. 3. 6Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Prions are contagious agents that onslaught the central nervous system and then occupy the brain, causing dementia. Known prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or CJD. It was first reported by two German doctors (Creutzfeldt and Jakob) in 1920. 2. 3. 7Aids-related cognitive impairment Individuals with HIV and AIDS occasionally develop cognitive impairment – particularly in the later stages of their sickness. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the body. HIV attacks the body's immune system, making the person affected more susceptible to infection. HIV-related cognitive impairment can be caused by: ? The direct impact of HIV on the brain Infections (called ‘opportunistic infections') that take advantage of the weakened immune system. 2. 3. 8Binswanger's disease Binswanger's disease is a unusual form of vascular dementia in which harm occurs to the blood vessels in the deep white matter of the brain. Symptoms of Binswanger's mostly occur in people over the age of 60 and it is usually linked with long-ter m hypertension. The disease chiefly affects memory and mental abilities such as thinking and learning. The individual may also experience mood swings, tremors, seizures and problems with walking. 2. 3. 9Huntington's disease Huntington's disease is a progressive inherited disease. It typically becomes obvious in adults in their 30s, even though it can occur earlier or later. There is also a puerile type of Huntington's, which affects children. The route of the disease varies for each person, and dementia can occur at any stage of the illness. 2. 4Diagnosis Diagnosis of dementia is based on the following: †¢History †¢Physical exam †¢Tests The process of identifying dementia is made only if two or more brain functions such as memory and language skills are extensively damaged without loss of consciousness. An early and precise dementia diagnosis can help in early treatment of dementia symptoms and maybe reversing the dementia or stopping its development, if the cause of dementia is reversible (such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, a brain tumor, or B12 deficiency). †¢Patient History History taking is a very important step in identifying dementia. It is important to know how and when symptoms developed and about the patient's overall medical condition. Is there any risk factor involved or there is any family history of similar symptoms along with any medication the person is taking. Physician also try to evaluate the patient's emotional state and the degree of day to day actions being affected in spite of of the fact that patients with dementia frequently are ignorant of or in denial about how their disease is affecting them. Typically the family members also deny the reality of the disease because they take this in the beginning as a usual procedure of aging. Therefore, additional steps are necessary to confirm or rule out a dementia diagnosis. †¢Physical Exam: A physical examination can help in the following: ?Rule out treatable causes of dementia Classify signs of stroke or other disorders that can add to dementia ? Identify indications of other illnesses, such as heart disease or kidney failure that can be related with dementia. A thorough neurological assessment is performed to evaluate the balance, sensory function, reflexes, and other functions of the patient and to spot signs of conditions that may have an effect on the diagnosis of dementia. †¢Tests Used in Diagnosing Dementia Tests that are used to diagnosis dementia include the following: ?Cognitive and neuropsychological tests (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ? Brain scans (MRI or CT scan) Laboratory tests ?Psychiatric evaluations ?Pre-symptomatic testing. †¢Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests for Dementia Tests are done to measure memory, language skills, math skills, and other abilities associated to mental functioning to help them analyze a patient's condition precisely. A test called the Mini-Mental ® State Examination (MMSEâ„ ¢) is used to judge cognitive skills in people with assumed dementia. This test examines: ? Orientation ?Memory ?Attention Doctors also use a diversity of other tests and rating scales to categorize explicit types of cognitive problems and abilities. †¢Brain Scan Tests for Dementia Brain scans are carried out to recognize strokes, tumors, or other problems that can result dementia. A brain scan may also demonstrate cortical atrophy (the progressive loss of neurons causes the ridges to become thinner and the sulci to grow wider), which is the deterioration of the brain's cortex (outer layer) and is frequent in many forms of dementia. Brain scans can also spot changes in the brain's organization and function that would propose Alzheimer's disease. †¢Computed Tomography Scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging The most general types of brain scans are computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A CT scan of the brain frequently suggested in a patient with suspected dementia. These scans, which use x-rays to detect brain structures, can show evidence of: ?Brain atrophy ?Strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) ?Changes to the blood vessels ?Other problems (such as hydrocephalus and subdural hematomas). MRI scans use magnetic fields and focused radio waves to detect hydrogen atoms in tissues within the body. They can detect the same problems as CT scans but they are better for identifying certain conditions, such as brain atrophy and damage from small TIAs. †¢Electroencephalograms (EEGs) Electroencephalograms (EEGs) are another tool to assist in inspecting people with suspected dementia. In an EEG, electrodes are placed on the scalp over several parts of the brain in order to detect and record patterns of electrical activity and to check for abnormalities. This electrical activity can indicate cognitive dysfunction in part or all of the brain. Many patients with moderately severe to severe Alzheimer's disease have abnormal EEGs. An EEG may also be used to detect seizures, which occur in about 10 percent of people with Alzheimer's disease. It can also help diagnose Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. †¢Other Brain Scan Tests Several other types of brain scans allow researchers to watch the brain as it functions. These scans, called functional brain imaging, are not often used as diagnostic tools, but they are important in research and they may ultimately help identify people with dementia earlier than is currently possible. Types of functional brain scans include: ?Functional MRI (fMRI): It uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to measure the metabolic changes that take place in active parts of the brain. ?Single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT): It shows the distribution of blood in the brain, which generally increases with brain activity. Positron emission tomography (PET): This scans can detect changes in glucose metabolism, oxygen metabolism, and blood flow, all of which can reveal abnormalities of brain function. ?Magneto encephalography (MEG): This can show the electromagnetic fields produced by the brain's neuronal activity. †¢Laboratory Tests for Dementia Doctors may use a variety of laboratory tests to help diagnose dementia or rule out other conditions, such as kidney failure, which can contribute to symptoms. A partial list of these tests includes: ?A complete blood count (CBC) Blood glucose test, which measures sugar levels in the blood ? Urinalysis ?Drug and alcohol tests (toxicology screen) ?Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (to rule out specific infections that can affect the brain) ? Analysis of thyroid and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. ?A doctor will order only the tests that he or she feels are necessary to improve the accuracy of a diagnosis. †¢Psychiatric Evaluation The healthcare provider may recommend a psychiatric evaluation to determine if depression or another psychiatric disorder may be causing or contributing to a person's symptoms. Pre-Symptomatic Testing In most cases, testing people before symptoms begin in order to determine if they will develop dementia is not possible. However, in cases involving disorders such as Huntin gton's where a known gene defect is clearly linked to the risk of the disease, a genetic test can help identify people who are likely to develop the disease. Since this type of genetic information can be devastating, people should carefully consider whether they want to undergo such testing. 2. 5Treatment For about 10 percent of conditions that cause dementia, treatment is available that can help reverse or at least slow down its progression. Some examples of these treatable causes of dementia include: †¢A brain tumor †¢Normal pressure hydrocephalus †¢Hypothyroidism. For most cases, treatment does not exist to reverse or halt the disease's progression; however, this does not mean that nothing should be done. People with dementia can benefit to some extent from such things as medications and cognitive training. There are also options for the family to help them cope. 2. 6Risk Factors Scientists have found a number of risk factors for dementia that affect the likelihood of developing one or more kinds of dementia. While these are not causes of dementia, they may increase a person's chances of developing the symptoms referred to collectively as dementia. Some dementia risk factors can be treated or controlled and some cannot Some of these risk factors for dementia are modifiable, while others are not.. Also, certain risk factors are more likely to increase the risk for certain types of dementia. For example, the risk of vascular dementia is strongly correlated with risk factors for stroke. Finally, the more dementia risk factors you have, the greater your chances of having dementia. An example of risk factors for dementia that you cannot change involves getting older (the risk of dementia tends to increase with age). Other dementia risk factors you cannot control include having: †¢Age †¢A family history of dementia †¢Down syndrome †¢Mild cognitive impairment †¢History of a stroke. Dementia risk factors that you can control include: †¢Hypertension †¢hypercholesterolemia †¢Diabetes †¢Atherosclerosis †¢Smoking †¢Heavy alcohol use. †¢Homocysteine levels in the blood. There are also things that can be controlled that increase your risk for developing diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other conditions that may increase your risk of developing dementia. These include: †¢Being overweight or obese †¢Lack of physical activity †¢Unhealthy diet. ?Age Age is the utmost risk aspect for dementia. Dementia influences one in 14 people over the age of 65 and one in six over the age of 80. However, Alzheimer's is not limited to aged people: in the UK, there are 15,000 people under the age of 65 with dementia, although this figure is likely to be an underrated. ?Genetic inheritance Several people fear that they may become heir to Alzheimer's disease, and scientists are presently exploring the hereditary background to Alzheimer's. In most of the cases, the effect of inheritance appears to be minute. If a parent or other family member has Alzheimer's disease, probability of developing the disease is only a slight elevated than if there were no cases of Alzheimer's in the direct family. ?Environmental factors The ecological factors that may add to the onset of Alzheimer's disease have yet to be discovered. Not many years ago, there were concerns that revelation to aluminum might cause Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, these fears have largely been discounted. ?Other factors Because of the dissimilarity in their chromosomal structure, people with Down's disorder who live into their 50s and 60s may develop Alzheimer's disease. People who have had stern skull or whiplash wounds also come out to be at increased risk of developing dementia. Boxers who get frequent blows to the head are at risk too. Study has also revealed that people who smoke, and those who have elevated blood pressure or sky-scraping cholesterol levels, augment their risk of developing Alzheimer's. 2. 7 Care of people with dementia People with moderate and advanced dementia typically need round-the-clock care and supervision to prevent them from harming themselves or others. They may also need assistance with daily activities such as eating, bathing, and dressing. Meeting these needs requires patience, understanding, and careful thought from the person's caregivers. For people involved with dementia care, there are some important things to consider. These include such things as: †¢Making the home safe †¢Helping to reduce stressors †¢Providing mental stimulation. Good dementia care always involves the issue of driving. One of the hardest things to do is to take away a person's independence that comes with driving. However, for a number of reasons that we will explain later, people with dementia should not drive. 2. 7. 1Dementia Care and the Home A typical home environment can present many dangers and obstacles to people with dementia, but simple changes can overcome many of these problems. For example, sharp knives, dangerous chemicals, tools, and other hazards should be removed or locked away. Other safety precautions include: †¢Installing bed and bathroom safety rails †¢Removing locks from bedroom and bathroom doors Lowering the hot water temperature to 120 °F (48. 9 °C) or less to reduce the risk of accidental scalding. People with dementia should also wear some form of identification at all times in case they wander away or become lost. Caregivers can help prevent unsupervised wandering by adding locks or alarms to outside doors. 2. 7. 2Reducing Stressors People with dementia ofte n develop behavioral problems because of frustration with specific situations. Understanding and modifying or preventing the situations that trigger these behaviors may help to make life more pleasant for the person with dementia as well as his or her caregivers. For instance, the person may be confused or frustrated by the level of activity or noise in the surrounding environment. Reducing unnecessary activity and noise (such as by limiting the number of visitors and turning off the television when it's not in use) may make it easier for the person to understand requests and perform simple tasks. Caregivers may also reduce confusion in people with dementia by: †¢Simplifying home decorations †¢Removing clutter †¢Keeping familiar objects nearby †¢Following a predictable routine throughout the day. Calendars and clocks also may help patients orient themselves. . 7. 3Mental Stimulation as Part of Dementia Care Caregivers should encourage people with dementia to continue their normal leisure activities as long as they are safe and do not cause frustration. Activities such as crafts, games, and music can provide important mental stimulation and improve mood. Some studies have suggested that participating in exercise and intelle ctually stimulating activities may slow the decline of cognitive function in some people. 2. 7. 4Is Driving Safe? Many studies have found that driving is unsafe for people with dementia. They often get lost and they may have problems remembering or following the rules of the road. They may also have difficulty processing information quickly and dealing with unexpected circumstances. Even a second of confusion while driving can lead to an accident. Driving with impaired cognitive functions can also endanger others. Some experts have suggested that regular screening for changes in cognition might help to reduce the number of driving accidents among elderly people, and some states now require that doctors report people with Alzheimer's disease to their state motor vehicle department. However, in many cases, it is up to the person's family and friends to ensure that the person does not drive. 2. 7. 5How the local authority assesses need Local authority social services departments are the main providers of care and support services. If a person with dementia or their carer is in need of support, they should contact the local social services department to explain. The department will then carry out an assessment of the person's needs and identify what services would be appropriate to meet those needs. This is known as a community care assessment If the department assesses a person as being in need of certain services, it has a duty to provide the services that fall within their eligibility criteria (locally set rules on what type of needs the local authority will meet). The person may have to contribute towards the cost of these services. Local authorities can provide services directly themselves, or may make arrangements for private or voluntary-sector organizations to provide care on their behalf. Services ary from area to area, but range from those that allow someone to remain independent in their own home (such as meals on wheels, day care, equipment and home adaptations) to residential care. The views and preferences of the person receiving the service should always be taken into account. 2. 7. 6Care plans If, after assessing the person's care needs, the social services department agrees that certain services should be provided, it will give the person a written care plan out lining these services. This applies whether the person lives at home or in a care home. Care plans should be reviewed regularly and as needs change. If a review has not been carried out recently, or if one may be necessary, the person or their carer should contact social services and ask for a review. In addition, care homes must provide an individual care plan for each resident. This must be regularly reviewed to take account of changing needs. 2. 7. 7Thinking through the options Once the social services department has confirmed what services the person is eligible to receive, the person and their carer can begin to think through the options. Even if the assessment concludes that the person's needs are not yet urgent enough to receive help from social services, or if some services are not available under the local authority's eligibility criteria, an assessment will give everyone clearer information about the situation and the kinds of help available from other sources. The person or their family or carer could arrange services themselves, or through a voluntary organization or private agency. A key decision is whether the person can remain in their own home, or whether they would prefer to move into sheltered housing or a care home. If they stay in their own home, there are many additional support options available. It is also important to consider the financial implications of the options available. Social services should be able to give an idea of how much the person will have to pay towards the costs of the various services that are arranged through them. Services provided by the NHS, such as community nursing, are free. Anyone who is arranging services themselves, whether through a voluntary organisation or a private agency, will need to make their own enquiries. It is important not to rush into a decision. It might help to also talk to friends and relatives, other carers and your local Alzheimer's Society branch. Local voluntary organisations are a source of further information, advice and practical help. Below is some guidance about what to consider when you are thinking about the kind of care the person in question needs. 2. 7. 8Understanding and respecting the person with dementia It's very important that people with dementia are treated with respect. It is important to remember that a person with dementia is still a unique and valuable human being, despite their illness. If you can understand what the person is going through, it might be easier for you to realise why they behave in certain ways. When a person with dementia finds that their mental abilities are declining, they often feel vulnerable and in need of reassurance and support. The people closest to them – including their carers, health and social care professionals, friends and family – need to do everything they can to help the person to retain their sense of identity and feelings of self-worth. 2. 7. 9Helping the person feel valued The person with dementia needs to feel respected and valued for who they are now, as well as for who they were in the past. There are many things that the people around them can do to help, including: †¢trying to be flexible and tolerant †¢making time to listen, have regular chats, and enjoy being with the person †¢showing affection in a way they both feel comfortable with †¢finding things to do together. Our sense of who we are is closely connected to the names we call ourselves. It's important that people address the person with dementia in a way that the person recognises and prefers. Some people may be happy for anybody to call them by their first name or nickname. †¢Others may prefer younger people, or those who do not know them very well, to address them formally and to use courtesy titles, such as Mr or Mrs. Make sure you explain the person's cultural or religious background, and any rules and customs, to anyone from a different background so that they can behave accordingly. These may include: †¢respectful forms of address †¢what they can eat †¢religious observances, such as prayer and festivals particular clothing or jewellery that the person (or those in their presence) should or should not wear †¢any forms of touch or gestures that are considered disrespectful †¢ways of undressing †¢ways of dressing the hair †¢how the person washes or uses the toilet. Many people with dementia have a fragile sense of self-worth; it's especially important that people continue to treat them with courtesy, however advanced their dementia. †¢Be kind and reassuring to the person you're caring for without talking down to them. †¢Never talk over their head as if they are not there – especially if you're talking about them. Include them in conversations. †¢Avoid scolding or criticising them – this will make them feel small. †¢Look for the meaning behind their words, even if they don't seem to be making much sense. Whatever the detail of what they are saying, the person is usually trying to communicate how they feel. †¢Try to imagine how you would like to be spoken to if you were in their position. †¢Try to make sure that the person's right to privacy is respected. †¢Suggest to other people that they should always knock on the person's bedroom door before entering. If the person needs help with intimate personal activities, such as washing or using the toilet, do this sensitively and make sure the door is kept closed if other people are around. †¢Everyone involved – including the person's friends, family members, carers, and the person with dementia themselves – reacts to the experience of dementia in their own way. Dementia means different things to dif ferent people. There are lots of things you can do to help the person with dementia feel good about themselves. This factsheet offers some suggestions. When you spend time with someone with dementia, it is important to take account of their abilities, interests and preferences. These may change as the dementia progresses. It's not always easy, but try to respond flexibly and sensitively. Dementia affects people's thinking, reasoning and memory, but the person's feelings remain intact. A person with dementia will probably be sad or upset at times. In the earlier stages, the person may want to talk about their anxieties and the problems they are experiencing. †¢Try to understand how the person feels. Make time to offer them support, rather than ignoring them or ‘jollying them along'. †¢Don't brush their worries aside, however painful they may be, or however insignificant they may seem. Listen, and show the person that you are there for them. †¢Make sure that, whenever possible, you inform and consult the person about matters that concern them. Give them every opportunity to make their own choices. †¢Always ex plain what you are doing and why. You may be able to judge the person's reaction from their expression and body language. †¢People with dementia can find choice confusing, so keep it simple. Phrase questions so that they only need a ‘yes' or ‘no' answer, such as ‘Would you like to wear your blue jumper today? ‘ rather than ‘Which jumper would you like to wear today? ‘ †¢Avoid situations in which the person is bound to fail, as this can be humiliating. Look for tasks that they can still manage and activities they enjoy. ive plenty of encouragement. Let them do things at their own pace and in their own way. †¢Do things with the person, rather than for them, to help them retain their independence. †¢Break activities down into small steps so that they feel a sense of achievement, even if they can only manage part of a task. Our self-respect is often bound up with the way we look. Encourage the person to take pride in their appearance, and compliment them on how they look. Make sure that anyone involved in caring for the person has as much background information as possible, as well as information about their present situatio n. This will help them see the person they're caring for as a whole person rather than simply ‘someone with dementia'. It may also help them to feel more confident about finding conversation topics or suggesting activities that the person may enjoy. 2. 8How effective is heath care management? Health care management involves several techniques to cater the needs of the patient. It should be kept in mind that patient is not responsible for the disease and therefore should not be ignored or avoided. With the advancement in technology, different techniques can be used to look after the suffer of this disorder. However, these techniques and ways could only help the victim survive a bit since. Those kinds of dementia which are treatable and such patients have a different perspective and outlook of life as compared to those who are the victims of the untreatable ones. So the care also varies with these two kinds of patients. Effectiveness of the present day health care management system is satisfactory but as said earlier it cannot bring back the life of the victim, however could let him or her survive for few more days with a happy face. 3. DEMENTIA IN UK Following statistics give a clear cut idea about the ratio and proportion of dementia patients in UK: †¢There are currently 700,000 people with dementia in the UK. †¢There are currently 15,000 younger people with dementia in the UK. †¢There are over 11,500 people with dementia from black and minority ethnic groups in the UK. There will be over a million people with dementia by 2025. †¢Two thirds of people with dementia are women. †¢The proportion of people with dementia doubles for every 5 year age group. †¢One third of people over 95 have dementia. †¢60,000 deaths a year are directly attributable to dementia. †¢Delaying the onset of dementia by 5 years wo uld reduce deaths directly attributable to dementia by 30,000 a year. †¢The financial cost of dementia to the UK is over ? 17 billion a year. †¢Family carers of people with dementia save the UK over ? 6 billion a year. †¢64% of people living in care homes have a form of dementia. Two thirds of people with dementia live in the community while one third live in a care home. 4. LIVING WITH DEMENTIA People with dementia have become increasingly involved in the work of the Alzheimer's Society since 2000. Through a national programme called ‘Living with Dementia', people with dementia have been sharing their experiences and knowledge, and raising awareness of dementia at local and national levels. This contribution is crucial to ensure that the Alzheimer's Society develops appropriate information and support for people with dementia. It ensures that people with dementia can influence the work that the Society carries ut on their behalf. On a national level the Living with Dementia programme consults with people with dementia in support of the Alzheimer's Society's work of influencing government policy. †¢People with dementia in action People with dementia are involved in the Alzheimer's Society in a variety of ways: ? Giving presentations and raising public awareness. ?Organising the unique UK wide convention of people with dementia. ?Lobbying MPs and commenting on government legislation. ?Being interviewed by national press and television. ?Recruiting and inducting new staff at the Alzheimer's Society. ?Helping to make the website easier to use. Developing information for other people with dementia and their families. ?Participating in the national consultative body, the Living with Dementia Working group. These are just a few examples. There are many opportunities in the Living with Dementia programme †¢Living with Dementia Programme Various initiatives in the Alzheimer's Society have focused on ways of supporting people living with dementia. Many started as two year pilots in 2001 and 2002, but are now established as a core part of the Alzheimer's Society activity. Examples of current initiatives are listed below: †¢West Kent Computer project Started in 2001. It supports people with dementia using computer equipment, to find new ways of communicating, pursuing interests and have fun. †¢Living with Dementia presentation skills training For people with dementia. Everyone affected by dementia has their own unique story to tell. Personal experiences and views are a powerful way of raising awareness about dementia, making issues come alive. Training people with dementia to share their experience on TV, press and at meetings, helps to reduce the misunderstanding that surrounds dementia and offers hope to people facing the same situation. Providing key skills enables people to undertake publicity work with confidence. †¢Helpcard for people with dementia Developed in 2007 by people with dementia and piloted by people with dementia. The helpcard enables people with dementia to feel confident, not alone and able to ask for help at anytime. It is very useful in emergency situations, and is an effective communication tool that informs others of a person's circumstances. There are three different designs, with three different options for describing particular situations. †¢National conference for people with dementia The Alzheimer's Society has hosted three conferences for people with dementia in London, Newcastle and Birmingham (Thompson, Nanni & Schwankovsky, 1990). The latter two involved members from the Living with Dementia Working group and the Scottish Dementia Working Group, making them the only UK wide events for people with dementia. In Newcastle the ‘Improving Our Lives' feedback included: ?Get out and enjoy life ?Laugh! Confidence ?Remaining the same person after diagnosis ?Open positive communication ?Speak up – have your voice listened to ?Speak to your MP Being denied treatment – medication because of a ‘cost cutting' exercise – it's a disgrace ? Set up an email group ?Done more since having dementia – living my life to the full 5. RESEARCHES Currently, scientists are conducting research on many different aspects of dementia. This research promises to improve the lives of people affected by such symptoms and may eventually lead to ways of pre venting or curing the disorders that result in dementia. Some areas of focus for dementia research include: †¢Causes and prevention †¢Diagnosis †¢Treatment. Researching the Causes and Prevention of Dementia Research on the causes of Alzheimer's disease (and other disorders that are causes of dementia) includes studies of: †¢Genetic factors †¢Neurotransmitters †¢Inflammation †¢Factors that influence programmed cell death in the brain †¢The roles of tau, beta amyloid, and the associated neurofibrillary tangles and plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Some other dementia research scientists are trying to determine the possible roles of cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress (chemical reactions that can damage proteins, DNA, and lipids inside cells), and microglia in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Current research on dementia prevention and causes includes the following: †¢Research to better understand the role of aging-related proteins (such as the enzyme telomerase) in the development of dementia. †¢Studies of abnormal clumps of proteins in cells. Researchers are trying to learn how abnormal clumps of protein in cells develop, how they affect cells, and how the clumping can be prevented. †¢Studies that examine whether changes in white matter — nerve fibers lined with myelin — may play a role in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Myelin may erode in Alzheimer's disease patients before other changes occur. This may be due to a problem with oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce myelin. †¢Work being done by scientists to search for additional genes that may contribute to Alzheimer's disease. These researchers have identified a number of gene regions that may be involved in the development of Alzheimer's. Some researchers suggest that people will eventually be screened for a number of genes that contribute to Alzheimer's disease and that they will be able to receive treatments that specifically address their individual genetic risks. However, such individualized screening and treatment is still years away. †¢Studies on insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is common in people with Alzheimer's disease, but it is not clear whether the insulin resistance contributes to the development of the disease or if it is merely a side effect. †¢Several dementia research studies have found a reduced risk of dementia in people who take cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins. However, it is not yet clear if the apparent effect is due to the drugs or to other factors. Therefore, more research is being currently being done be better understand this possible relationship between statins and dementia. †¢ A 2003 dementia research study found that people with HIV-associated dementia have different levels of activity for more than 30 different proteins, compared to people who have HIV but no signs of dementia. The study suggests a possible way to screen HIV patients for the first signs of cognitive impairment, and it may lead to ways of intervening to prevent this form of dementia. Research in this area continues. Research Involving Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Improving early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders that may cause dementia is important not only for patients and families, but also for researchers who seek to better understand the causes of dementia and find ways to reverse or halt them at early stages. Improved diagnosis can also reduce the risk that people will receive inappropriate treatments. †¢In some resea rch, scientists are investigating whether three-dimensional computer models of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify brain changes typical of early Alzheimer's disease, before any symptoms appear. This research may lead to ways of preventing the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. †¢One study found that levels of beta amyloid and tau in spinal fluid could be used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease with an accuracy of 92 percent. If other studies confirm the validity of this test, it may allow doctors to identify people who are beginning to develop the disorder before they start to show dementia symptoms. †¢This would allow treatment at very early stages of the disorder, and may help in testing new treatments to prevent or delay symptoms of the disease. Other researchers have identified factors in the skin and blood of Alzheimer's disease patients that are different from those in healthy people. They are trying to determine if these factors can be used to diagnose the disease. Treatment Research †¢Researchers are continually working to develop new drugs for Alzheimer's disease and other causes of dementia. Many researchers believe a vaccine that reduces the number of amyloid plaques in the brain might ultimately prove to be the most effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. In 2001, researchers began one clinical trial of a vaccine called AN-1792. The research study was halted after a number of people developed inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. †¢Despite these problems, one patient appeared to have reduced numbers of amyloid plaques in the brain. Other patients showed little or no cognitive decline during the course of the study, suggesting that the vaccine may slow or halt the disease. Researchers are now tryi ng to find safer and more effective vaccines for Alzheimer's disease. Researchers are also investigating possible methods of gene therapy for Alzheimer's disease. In one case, researchers used cells genetically engineered to produce nerve growth factor and transplanted them into monkeys' forebrains. The transplanted cells boosted the amount of nerve growth factors in the brain and seemed to prevent degeneration of acetylcholine-producing neurons in the animals. †¢This suggests that gene therapy might help to reduce or delay symptoms of the disease. Researchers are now testing a similar therapy in a small number of patients. Other researchers have experimented with gene therapy that adds a gene called neprilysin in a mouse model that produces human beta amyloid. They found that increasing the level of neprilysin greatly reduced the amount of beta amyloid in the mice and halted the amyloid-related brain degeneration. They are now trying to determine whether neprilysin gene therap y can improve cognition in mice. †¢Since many studies have found evidence of brain inflammation in people with Alzheimer's disease, some researchers have proposed that drugs that control inflammation, such as NSAIDs, might prevent the disease or slow its progression. Studies in mice have suggested that these drugs can limit production of amyloid plaques in the brain. Early studies of these drugs in humans have shown promising results. †¢However, a large NIH-funded clinical trial of two NSAIDs (naproxen and celecoxib) to prevent Alzheimer's disease was stopped in late 2004 because of an increase in stroke and heart attack in people taking naproxen (Aleve ®, Naprosyn ®, Anaprox ®, Naprelan ®), and an unrelated study that linked celecoxib (Celebrex ®) to an increased risk of heart attack. Some research studies on dementia have suggested that two drugs, pentoxifylline and propentofylline, may be useful in treating vascular dementia. Pentoxifylline improves blood flow, while propentofylline appears to interfere with some of the processes that cause cell death in the brain. †¢One research study is testing the safety and effectiveness of donepezil (Aricept ®) for treating mild dementia in patients with Parkinson's dementia, while a nother is investigating whether skin patches with the drug selegiline can improve mental function in patients with cognitive problems related to HIV. . CONCLUSION An appropriate cost effective workup of dementia includes a complete history, a complete physical examination (including a neuropsychiatric evaluation), a CBC, blood glucose, serum electrolytes, serum calcium, serum creatinine, and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (Whitlatch, Feinberg & Tucke, 2005). Other tests should be done only if there is a specific indication for e. g. vitamin B12 and folate if macrocytosis is present (Wilkinson & Lennox, 2005). A CT or MRI should be considered if the onset of dementia is before the age of 65 years, symptoms have occurred for less than 2 years, there is evidence of focal or asymmetrical neurological deficits, the clinical picture indicates normal pressure hydrocephalus, or there is a recent history of fall or other head trauma. If a patient has a history of cancer or is on anticoagulation therapy, then neuro imaging should also be considered. Thus to conclude, it is sufficient to say that dementia, though a dangerous disorder, having not much cures, can be prevented by undergoing certain precautionary measures as illustrated above.

The effects of overfishing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The effects of overfishing - Essay Example The earth has various different natural resources, which are utilized by persons living in different geographical region. The number of people consuming fish is high as consumers are spread all over the world. As a means of getting resources for carrying on with their daily lives, many people residing around various water bodies indulge in fishing. In a bid to increase their income, fishermen usually strive to fish more; more fish implies more returns on investment. This practice is also practiced by commercial industries in a bid to maximize the profits realized. This leads to overfishing, which have adverse effects on the marine life, as some species of fish may become extinct (Ebbbin, Hoel & Sydes, 2005). The world’s population has been on the increase, which has necessitated the increase of the amount of food, and other resources required in order to support human life. Due to the increase in population, which translates to higher demand, there has been the need to increase the supply of fish. Therefore, the increased fish demand is satisfied through natural fishing or fish farming (Hilborn, 2012). In the case of fish farming, overfishing is not common with the farmers using certified nets while fishing; thus, ensuring that the fingerings are left in the ponds or dams. On the other hand, overfishing is rampant in wildlife fishing, where personal displine in adhering to the guidelines set to avoid overfishing is low. Wildlife overfishing has led to decline in the number of fish in the wildlife; thus having a negative effect on the diversity and richness of our environment. Overfishing has economic consequences to various stakeholders in the fishing and aquaculture industry. When overfishing is carried out, authorities in charge usually impose ban to fishing for certain periods to ensure that the fish breeds to the normal population. These bans make fishermen jobless; thus, affecting their living standards and of those who depend on them.

Tesco Case Study Individual Written Assignment Essay

Tesco Case Study Individual Written Assignment - Essay Example Currently, the firm is considered to be the most powerful competitor in the British supermarket industry – being involved also in activities of the retail sector, such as the provision of financial, insurance and telecommunication services. The high diversity in the firm’s activities and the support of promotion across its product line can been considered as the major advantages of the firm towards its rivals. However, the firm’s performance has not always been high; variations can be identified in the level of the firm’s growth, as proved through the firm’s financial analysis. In any case, these variations are temporary and have not influenced the level of the firm’s profitability – as verified using a series of relevant ratios. The stabilization of the firm’s growth would be achieved through the introduction of a series of measures, i.e. the alteration of the firm’s existing strategic plans. A balanced scorecard has bee n developed indicating the policies required for the increase of the firm’s competitiveness – referring to the achievement of a stable growth within the specific industry. The achievement of a continuous growth could be depended on the ability of the firm’s managers to understand organizational needs and potentials – as these elements have been incorporated in the Balanced Scorecard. Tesco is one of the leading supermarkets in Britain. The firm’s activities are expanded above the traditional grocery sales – financial, insurance and telecommunications services are available to the firm’s customers. Currently, the firm is first among the other firms of the particular industry. However, its growth is not stabilized – taking into consideration the fact that its rivals have achieved a higher rate of growth – compared to their performance in the previous years. This fact is clearer in the case of Sainsbury’s – another major competitor in the British supermarket

A Laboratory Scientist in the Organization Assignment

A Laboratory Scientist in the Organization - Assignment Example In a more general term, laboratory scientists in any institution are the head of an experiment and chemical keeping without which it should impact any danger to other members of the organization. a). According to Blanchard and Thacker (2007, p. 25), an employment contract refers to the signing of a paperwork between two parties (employer and employee) to set the commencement of a given work within the specified rules and regulations that seem acceptable and legal by the law and which do not infringe on anyone’s rights. The contract normally has a limit of time. The employers should be responsible for their health and safety. They should identify hazards in a systematic manner and eliminate or isolating those that are possible. For instance, employers may recognize the necessary steps to minimize the hazards, by providing information, as well as warnings. Also, by identifying whether there are any regulations covering their industry and complying with them. Providing protective equipment clothing or ensuring employee provided protective is suitable and ensuring that they are used effectively. They should also be trained in order to impart in them the necessary skills to manage their own safety. Employers should recognize any accident that might have occurred while been out keen so as to avoid the same in the future. Being keen on any signs of a disease and reporting to the clinic immediately in case of any signs. Responding to inspector’s advice and ensuring that work practices together with working hours are followed in a manner that enhances a safe-working condition. Environmental laws currently carried out in England covers the following key areas: waste management, water pollution, air pollution, noise, hazardous substances, contaminated land and the IPC/IPPC regimes. b). ISO is the International organization for standardization, a worldwide organization with representatives from 157 countries.  

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Summary - Essay Example Method In order to gather the response from children the author asked them to create self-portraits with their names beneath. In addition family questionnaires were also given as handouts during the previous open house. In addition consistently observing children would help to design a more effective classroom environment and also the pattern of teaching. In case a child needs help in any area only documented evidence will help the teacher to identify the problem with better clarity and use appropriate intervention methods. Apart from teachers school directors as well as family members would also be able to understand the child better in case of such evidences. These assessments should continue even after the introduction of a program as only then the strengths and weaknesses of the program will be identified. In the present study when a particular sample of work from the child could not be obtained the child was observed while performing a task of its interest or during group activi ties to gather the required information. Such observations also helped in understanding when a child required individual attention or guidance. The artworks of children who painted or drew pictures were also included in the portfolio. Through this the children felt that their efforts were valued.

Business Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Proposal - Assignment Example ment has not previously been submitted for assessment in any other course or at any other time in the same course and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of other students and/or persons. Webster food industries are in need for a reduction in the electricity and water bills. The electricity and water bills have gone up since the financial year began. It has created an increase in the costs of production and has led to the overall reduction in the company’s profits. Reduction In the costs will cause better management, improving the employees’ salaries and getting better equipment for production It has come to my attention that most of the employees leave the water running after washing their hands and most of them do forget to switch off the electric equipment’s when they are not in use, this has led to a significant increase in the costs of electricity and water bills, which has led to loses. Electricity and water bills are major costs in companies and creating awareness by seminars and reminding them through notifications in the affected areas will reduce the costs. Giving employees the responsibility of reminding their fellow colleges to do the small things like not leave the water running and to switch equipment is and lights off whenever they leave a room will lead to division of responsibility, which will lead to a growth of a positive response towards change. In order for the reduction of electricity and water costs to work, we need to start with a seminar for our employees to educate them on a better way to use the water and electricity in our company to reduce costs and improve profits. We can start by setting dates in which the seminars will be implemented and getting a well-known spokesperson to educate our employees on better ways of usage of the company’s resources ( Bloomsbury information ltd 2009). Typing notification in the bathroom sinks reminding employees not to leave the water running after use,

Leadership in the Movie Wolf of Wall Street Assignment

Leadership in the Movie Wolf of Wall Street - Assignment Example He starts a brokerage office on the Wall Street where he runs his daily crimes. Using a great convincing power, Jordan together with his employees manages to lure unsuspecting people into their game. They are great brokers and thus assure those willing to invest with them a jackpot kind of returns. Actually, many people end up losing all their life savings with the hope of getting a nice package after the agreed period. Having realized that he is greedy, he openly dismisses this claim by encouraging the employees not to be greedy. This is a smart way to cover up his plans. Leaders play a key role in shaping the culture (Hansel man, 2014) of the company. This movie clearly shows how the leader cultivates a dangerous culture. He involves every employee in the habit of drinking and abusing illegal drugs. In addition, most of the employees end up being sex addicts because of the culture that their own boss cultivates in them. While Jordan sounds like a great leader by giving all the necessary advice and guidelines he as well makes it clear to the employees what he considers right and wrong. With this said, his administrative power diverts the energy of the employees into a bad culture. While most of them were fearful at the first time, he takes the courage to drive them into the dirty business. He reminds them that nothing can be done by itself until they take action. This is evident when he requires them to make calls and convince the customers. While most of the employees least suspect the game behind the brokerage business, they show commitment and will ingness to attain the goals. They are motivated by how their boss runs his life. They see him as a successful person worth admiring. On the contrary, Jordan is a great advisor. He gives his best imagination on how to run a successful business.  

English Language Learner Essay Example for Free

English Language Learner Essay The United States still represents to the rest of world a land of opportunities. Immigration occurs when people from all part of the world make their way here to start new lives, find their new jobs or build new homes. Some leave their country to flee from oppression and injustice. Some want a life to escape poverty. Now the English Language Learners in America school constantly growing percent of all U.S student-There are more than five million children who are English Language Learners (ELLs). Research show that Bilingual Education is beneficial to people who learning English to support their English Language also native language and to retain. The Bilingual Education is more effective to English Learners research that students who are educate in Bilingual classrooms do as well as or better than the groups of English sold literacy skill, cause of their thinks are just would cover their miserable life by money, that’s all they have to do. The challenge faced by English Language is an obstacle to their education success in this country. Amount of students who participating to learn English are enrolled in U.S. public schools (pre-K-12) increased by 8.5 percent, from 46.0 million in 1997-1998 to mostly 50 million in 2007-2008. In them, at least 10.7 percent or more than 5.3 million children were English Language Learners (ELLs). Over the time, the number of ELL increased by 53.2 percent, from 3.5 million to 5.3 million) in the same period, this statistic was show that there is no signal to stop and might be grow up in the future. The nation’s ELL student (about 1.5 million children) mainly lived in California, state with the largest amount of student in need of English instruction. Behind California, the three states also contained an amazing number of ELL enrollment: Arizona (166,572), New York (213,000), and Texas (701,800). All English Language Learners are definitely struggling to learn English sometime, they were fail to understand what is the teacher talking about, and may become unpleasantness when they have an idea but cannot transmit wholeness express their thoughts in English. That’s might be a biggest problem for ELLs who would like to speak English well but don’t want to learn English. Meanwhile, many students experience another kind of struggle, when they go home, they speak different language in which their parents  communicated. But a lots immigrant students of ELL have a habit of fluency in English and so want to give up their native language. They pressure to speak English at school; they are expected to speak their native language at home. In the education process, there is â€Å"English-only Laws do not help Immigrant gain fluency in English â€Å". Some individually consider that being not only of English Language Learners (ELL), but of American communities as a whole. The governments do not promote English as official language so much as they make discrimination to different kind of language. However, ELLs should not receive English-only laws, instead achieve literacy, it makes disconnect to immigrant who want to keep their tradition. Beside of that, an obstacle for all students of ELLs that they must to receive the same program such as student spokes of native English when they are during education process, many trammels as reading literature in English cause most literature is culture bound. Students who desire to speak English fluency must struggle for several year before they understand everything that is said i n their classroom, and that is discrimination for all ELLs as they received entire subjects with not their language such as mathematics, science, social study, language art,†¦ while their literacy skills do not well at all. Bilingual Education – consider that such as education in an English-language school system in which students with little fluency in English are taught in both their native language and English. Research show that Bilingual Language is the effective choice and definitely benefic for English Language Learners. It not only helping to advantage of ELLs to become solid literacy skills with both language, Bilingual Education also support to students develop ability of communication with international. The review found that almost K-12 students show who have been educated in bilingual classroom, enroll in programs that have high level of bilingualism probably do as well as or might be better than comparison group of English Learners in English-only program. English Learners want to improve their English as well as they could be, but they also receive a lot of challenges from English. As you are learning any new language, it takes a lot of dedication, practice and time. But all of that will pay off when you are able expressing yourself in an exciting way. You have to know what is your first step will going to be, then just keep going and expand all experience that you have become perfectly. Also, the English teacher should  purposefully select words and sentence structures that will help students learn rather than hinder their success in class or practice for them to listening, specific is talking to improve their pronunciation. Eventually, English Language Learners could be received a lot of challenges by English Language as they struggle to fit into a new society, learn a new language, improving the achievement of communicate ability with international. However, English has been the common world-wide language, and it will be in the future. For this reason, English Language Learners must be insist that practice and policy by based on the best evidence we have and not on politics or predilections.

Iran Domestic Politics and Nuclear Choices

Iran Domestic Politics and Nuclear Choices Iran’s Military and Nuclear Capabilities Worldwide enthusiasm for Iran was elevated significantly in the late spring of 2002, when the presence of two nuclear destinations was uncovered and understood that Iran had assembled or was building everything expected to deliver enhanced uranium, which could fuel nuclear weapons and in addition nuclear reactors. A pilot uranium plant at Natanz and a business scale enhancement. Starting in March 2003, after disclosures that Iran had hidden nuclear work from the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Agency has been researching Irans nuclear history (AbuZayyad, 2010). Iran was allegedly utilizing fortified materials and burrowing profound underground to store atomic parts with an end goal to secure them in the occasion of an assault. Open reports recommend Iranian offices are presently so profound underground just the biggest dugout buster sort bombs could harm them and the United States is the main nation that has these weapons. Iran likewise constructed a system of passages and redesigned its air safeguards to shield its atomic offices from conceivable assaults (iranwatch.org, 2012). Iran has likewise redesigned its seaward abilities. In November 2012, the Iranian Navy divulged two new submarines and two rocket-propelling warships. Prior, Iranian authorities had said they wanted to plan atomic controlled submarines, which could empower the naval force to keep the subs on watch for more periods and separations. This new ability is seen as a potential risk to the vital adjust in the Persian Gulf and, hence, to the United States and the West. Iran additionally can request its intermediaries in Lebanon, Hezbollah, and associates in Gaza, Hamas, to flame rockets at Israel from the north and south to rebuff Israel. The risk of doing as such is additionally intended to prevent Israel. Israel, in any case, has officially made clear that any assaults from Lebanon would be met with a serious reaction and the Lebanese government is not restless to be dragged into another war by Hezbollah. Correspondingly, Hamas may be hesitant to incite Israel to mount an expansive scale operation in Gaza that would further debilitate its position. In September 2013, Iran and Oman marked a guard collaboration accord; however, that is not prone to have an effect on Irans capacity to assault or protect itself (jewishvirtuallibrary.org, 2015). Politics behind the nuclear Program One of the focal incongruities about Iran is that its dubious atomic project has turned into a characterizing political issue, despite the fact that large portions of the programs points of interest stay covered in mystery. Tehran is open about its journey to get quiet atomic vitality to serve a populace that has multiplied subsequent to the 1979 unrest. Be that as it may the religious government intensely denies any enthusiasm for adding to an atomic weapon—even as it brags about its developing capacity to advance uranium, an ability that can be utilized to create power or for a weapons program (iranintelligence.com, 2015). Actually, Iran does not yet need to improve; following Russia is giving the fuel to the new reactor it manufactured in Bushehr. Tehran counters that it has the privilege to improve uranium as a signatory to the NPT. It additionally means to construct extra reactors and says it would like to be subject to remote forces for fuel. At the same time following 2002, global suspicions about Irans long haul plans have developed in light of disclosures by different governments or Iranian outcast gatherings that it has constructed mystery offices that could be utilized for a weapons program. The Islamic Republic has just recognized them afterward. Also, as of mid-2010, Tehran had still not gave full insights about its projects to the International Atomic Energy Agency, as it is likewise needed to do under the NPT (Barzegar, 2014). Iran seems to have needed to begin a mystery program for a few reasons, from its experience amid Iran-Iraq War to the way that five of the worlds nine atomic forces are close-by or on its outskirts. In the meantime, it likewise seems to have embraced a method of atomic supporting or keeping up the choice of a weapons project, while attempting to stay inside the atomic settlement. In any case, the divulgences somewhere around 2002 and 2009 about its mystery offices and the consequent worldwide weight have transformed the project into a major political issue at home. In the effectively strained environment after debated 2009 presidential races, Irans atomic system turned into a political issue that set the hardline administration against both moderates and the Green Movement restriction (Barzegar, 2014). Irans atomic weapons project was a piece of a more extensive endeavor to wind up more independent in arms and innovation in the 1980s. Progressively disconnected, Tehran attempted to gain arms to battle Iraq, which utilized substance weapons and had an atomic weapons program. The eight-year war was the Middle Easts bloodiest advanced clash. Irans atomic project was an outgrowth of this experience (Barzegar, 2014). The project might likewise have been a side effect of the grieved insurgencys inescapable requirement for authenticity and Iranian patriotisms journey for admiration and universal status. Tehran has long looked for access to atomic innovation for the most part as a key to improvement and a method for restoring its previous enormity as an inside of exploratory advancement. The religious government seems to have further dove in its heels because of a recognition that the outside world is attempting to deny innovation and oppressing a nation that—dissimilar to Israel, Pakistan and India—marked the worldwide settlement on non-expansion. The administration sees the universal groups manages as an assault on an establishing standard of the transformation, to be specific Irans autonomy from outside impact or intercession (Barzegar, 2014). Irans atomic system unfolded in setting of its general governmental issues. Since the 1979 upset, Irans political world class has long been partitioned over how the religious government ought to advance and what worldwide part it ought to seek after. Past expansive ideas, for example, autonomy, independence and social equity, agreement has demonstrated slippery even three decades after the Islamic Republics introduction to the world. The most fundament distinction is whether Iran ought to proceed as a progressive state willing to challenge the world, or whether it ought to settle down and turn into a typical state that plays by universal guidelines. The atomic issue is progressively an impression of this fundamental division. All through the programs initial stages, there had all the earmarks of being a general accord among the political world class about the need or right to continue. In any case, by 2005, the accord had all the earmarks of being disintegrating. Rival groups in Irans political maze started to scrutinize the atomic programs expenses and centrality to Irans improvement objectives. Irans atomic project had turned into a local political football (iranwatch.org, 2012). For general society, the atomic program additionally at first appreciated expansive prevalent backing since it guaranteed vitality autonomy and exploratory advancement. It was likewise prevalent in light of the fact that the administration delineated it as an attestation of Irans rights against remote haughtiness. Anyhow, the system has not been subjected to educated verbal confrontation or open discourse about its definitive objectives, the expenses, and the association with Irans different goals. Agreement closes where specifics start (iranwatch.org, 2012). The three phases of politics talks over nuclear Iran Phase one: Period of consensus1987-2002 The time of greatest accord on Irans atomic project spread over 15 years. The restoration of the shahs atomic system was at first introduced as important to broaden vitality sources. Atomic innovation was compared as front line for advancement and basic for any in regards to toward oneself force. Anyhow, the administration just displayed a method of reasoning for vitality; it did not recognize whatever weapons propositions it had. The system advanced gradually amid this stage, as Iran experienced issues of association and becoming acquainted with innovation that must be procured stealthily abroad. The United States, effectively careful about Irans weapons propositions, tried to square its entrance to any atomic innovation. Humorously, the administration may have gotten a support from cover United States resistance, which stretched out to the development of a light-water reactor at Bushehr that Washington had endorsed when the shah was in force. Irans endeavors to dodge worldwide restriction, which included buys from the Pakistan system run by Khan, were never talked about locally (essayforum.com, 2007). Phase two: Early controversy  2003-2005 All through this period, the nuclear system was largely a worry of Irans political elites. The Supreme National UN SC in fact went about as the body that mirrored all political propensities. Its choices subsequently professedly mirrored a national accord (iranwatch.org, 2012). The 2002 disclosure about Irans development of an undeclared improvement office at Natanz put Tehran on edge. The exposure agreed with United States worry about the spread of weapons of mass pulverization to maverick administrations and fanatic systems. To abstain from intensifying the issue, the reformist administration of President Mohammad Khatami won understanding in the Supreme National UN SC to meet global concerns midway. Iran consented to apply the NPTs Additional Protocol without confirming it, which allowed stricter universal assessments. It likewise consented to intentionally suspended enhancement for a restricted however unspecified time (essayforum.com, 2007). Irans following arrangements with Britain, France and Germany demonstrated useless and added to shared suspicions. With the United States military engrossed in Iraq, the danger of military activity against Iran subsided. However, hardliners who picked up control of Irans parliament in 2004 started scrutinizing reformists for being too delicate on the United States for trading off Irans hobbies. In 2005, recently chose President Ahmadinejad, upheld by Irans preeminent pioneer, started enhancing uranium once more. The arrangement with the Europeans was shut down (iranwatch.org, 2012). Phase three: Deep divisions2005-2010 Irans nuclear project has to be progressively political amid this stage. Starting 2005, both the official branch and parliament were overwhelmed by hardliners and preservationists. Both Ahmadinejad and Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei utilized the nuclear issue to defame reformists, portraying them as defeatists willing to arrange away Irans hobbies. Their utilization of the nuclear issue as an instrument of fanatic governmental issues finished the stage when the nuclear project should be a national issue. In addition, verbal confrontation was effectively disheartened. Yet the nuclear issue steadily slipped from the hands of the tiptop to the road. Among hardliners, Ahmadinejads populist revives included regularly organized serenades for Irans nuclear rights. The president reported that Irans nuclear system was similar to a train without brakes, not vulnerable to redirection by outside weight. Slogans, stamps, banknotes and awards have to be substitutes for educated examination (essayforum.com, 2007). Two variables prodded extreme backfire and a response on the opposite side of the road. First, the United Nations forced a progression of U.N. resolutions somewhere around 2006 and 2010 that included correctional assents. The United States and the European Union forced significantly harder one-sided authorizations. For the Iranian open, the expenses of proceeded with resistance got to be progressively clear and muddled everyday life (essayforum.com, 2007). Second, Irans debated 2009 decision won by Ahmadinejad in the midst of across the board assertions of extortion started the biggest dissents against the administration since the 1979 upset. Another Green Movement resistance was conceived. Numerous progressives likewise had developing worries about the populist hardline president, especially his monetary blunder. Irans new political abyss rapidly started to play on the nuclear issue. Four months after the decision, Ahmadinejad consented to a United States supported interval assertion intended to facilitate strains and open the route for more extensive transactions on Irans long haul program. Pioneers

New International Markets: Waitrose

New International Markets: Waitrose Waitrose is one of the leading retailers in the UK market being a subsidiary of John Lewis departmental stores. In the wake of the emerging economies, there are many opportunities which the business can take advantage of by expanding its operations internationally. The report will analyze the internal and external factors which affect operations and performance and identify the countries where the business will expand its operations to. The report makes recommendations for the market entry and exit strategies, functional strategies and the control system to ensure that the implementation is done successfully for a period of 5 years from the year 2012 to 2017. Analysis Waitrose opened its first supermarket in 1955 and has shops throughout England, Scotland and Wales locations ranging from high streets to edge of town sites and varies in size from 7,000 square feet to approximately 56,000 square feet. The Waitrose brand is now owned by John Lewis partnership with a specific aim of combining convenience of a supermarket with expertise and service of a specialist shop. (Waitrose Company 2011). Market selection Criteria Australia Canberra Australia is a market that has a relatively little exposure to foreign business. (Tunny 2006). The availability of small business funding in Canberra increases small business growth providing market for retailer. (Australian Business 2011). The market has also demonstrated growth potential in retail business with departmental stores sales rising by 2.3 % in January 2011. (Australian Bureau 2011). Canberra is a flourishing capital city in Australia located 150 kilometers away from the coastal boarders of the country. It has town centers such as Balcones, Tuggeranary and Woden which are known for their huge shopping plazas. Its shopping zone stands in vicinity of major tourists destinations of the city attracting attention from the tourists. The shoppers zone has recently gained reputation for their nightlife with a wide range of entertainment and stylist restaurants. (Asian rooms 2011). Waitrose expansion to the city would be appropriate to take advantage of the strategic location which offers an opportunity for a retail outlet serving the needs of the tourists and the resident. The business would also take advantage of the citys extended hours of doing business to the night. (Canberra 2011) Canada Manitoba Most of consumers expenditure by Canadian households is mainly through retail outlets which consist of 50 to 55% of the household. (Industry Canada 2011). Retailers concentration has resulted to some retailers holding significant market share like the case in which the largest supermarket in Canada held 31.1% of market share in 1998 compared to USs 5.8 % and Britains 15.4%. (Industry Canada 2011). Manitoba has a five year economic plan to taking a balanced approach which will seek to enhance among other things jobs creation and protection of services in its bid to return Manitoba to surplus. This is reinforced by the 2011 budget which seeks to increase investments in health care enabling all people in Manitoba who would like to have a family doctor by 2015 to do it, building the place with increasing infrastructure like bridges, roads transit and community centre as well as putting families first with examples of credit on tax on children activities, senior citizens and those who take care of them. (Budget 2011). Manitoba is a strong trading province with a strategic central location within Canada and has vital links by rail, road, air and sea. (Laubler 2008). With a population of 1,148,401 people, 448,780 households as at 2006 and a significant urban population, the introduction of Waitrose will be well positioned to capture the target the mainly urban population. (Munroe 2011). The region has transportation means ranging from curries services like Purolator, Looms and DHL. Freight carriers include Canada pacific while there is air transport through the modern regional airport. The region also has bus services across the towns adequate for consumer and business transport. Communication means in the region include newspapers, like the weekly newspaper; the modern times, biweekly newspaper; the southern shopper and daily newspapers. Radio stations providing communication in Manitoba include CFAM, KAUF, the eagle and the modern towns local CKMW. Digital cables and internet communication are als o available in the region. (Transport Communication 2011). The province also has high number if experienced and skilled labor force. (Manitoba Business 2011) Manitoba provinces have been posting strong retail sales. An example was retail customers spending up to $1.26 billion worth of sales for the month of September in 2009 which was a 0.8% increase from $1.25 billion in August. The trend shows a strong market considering the 2009 economic hardship hence presenting a potential growth and resilient market. The province is also an appropriate selection as it had the least drop in sales with the 2009 economic downturn effect compared to other Canadian provinces. (McNeill 2009). The market has also demonstrated a growth potential with the retail sales rising for a third consecutive month by 0.5 % in 2011. (Statistics Canada 2011). Pestel Analysis results The internal factors that would affect Waitrose operations in the market would include: In its expansion to international markets, the business will be subject to a wider scope of business environment determined by various factors including internal factors that would include: (Contemporary issues 2011). Workforce/staff is one of the strengths of Waitrose given that all of its staff are shareholders hence increases their commitment to the business. The staffs skills affect the ability of the business to deliver to its customers and remain competitive thus will be a key success factor. (Waitrose 2011). Finances availability is a factor that affects business operations. Availability of finances enhances the business operations in developing new products and brands relevant to the market. Suppliers determine how the company sources its inputs and raw materials. Suppliers efficiency affects ability to deliver to customers in terms of cost and timing. (Pestel Analysis 2011). Competitors affect the business market share by reducing it hence negatively affecting its performance. (Pestel Analysis 2011). Shareholders affect the decisions that are made regarding the investments that a business is to make thus determining its ability to remain competitive in the market. Waitrose being owned by John Lewis has its workers being its staff thus understands the business operations. (Waitrose 2011) Customers determine the relevant products that a business should provide in the market. This is also faced by the changing needs from the evolving preferences, tastes and lifestyles which require the business to remain innovative in order to satisfy the customers needs. (Pestel Analysis 2011). The external factors affecting business in the two select markets include: Australia- Canberra Social: Economic: Political: Technological: Legal: Environmental: Canada- Manitoba Social: Canadian consumers easily identify and recognize US retail goods increasing the entry of US based retailers into the market. Canadians nature demonstrates consumers who are not comfortable with personalized selling. (Industry Canada 2011). Economic: Political: The governments policies allowing foreign direct investment and free trade is increasing presence of freeing retailers especially from US are changing the market structure. The businesses are introducing new retail concepts in the market including low pricing, big box format and logistic systems. (Industry Canada). The government reducing restrictions on foreign investments (OECD Economic 2006). Technological: increase in use of technology is changing retail market structure. This is through the way the internet is affecting the means of consumers access of information and buying of goods in Canada. It is also increasing marketing in the retail sector. Technology has also increased in store innovation like use of bar codes and point of sale price scanning. This has enhanced management of the stores in the market. (Industry Canada 2011). Legal: Environmental: Demographic: Age difference determines the suitability of the retail system service to customers. This was demonstrated by 77% of Canadian consumers aged 18 to 34 indicating in a survey they they would likely shop in self service while those aged 55 years and above would prefer the in store shopping. (Industry Canada 2011). Competition: The increasing competition is transforming the Canadian retailers with their bid to achieve a competitive edge in the market. The foreign retail businesses presence has resulted to almost disappearance of independent local retailers with the market becoming homogeneous. Wall mart is one of the largest retailers in the market credited with introducing innovation into the industry. Other retailers from US include Old Navy, Best Buy and Staples and winners. (Industry Canada 2011). Risks Considered The increasing adoption of self service technology in the Canadian market may not be suitable with some consumers who would rather use the traditional retail system. Strategies. . (Industry Canada 2011). The increasing use of internet by consumers also increases the consumers negotiating power over retailers since they can access information about comparing many retailers quality and prices. (Industry Canada 2011). The different laws and regulations governing retail industry in Both Canada and Australia may present a challenge to Waitrose affect its operations and performance. (Industry Canada 2011). High taxes in Canada like the highest marginal effective rates experienced in 2005 are a factor that could reduce the investment returns. Large businesses like Waitrose would more like face high taxes. (OECD Economic 2006). Strategies Overall strategy Selected Markets Winnipeg is the capital and the largest city of Manitoba in which Waitrose should sett up its business. Its capital region has more than 60% of Manitobas population. By 2006 census there were 633,451 individuals in the town of which 51.7% were female while 43.3% were male. 24.3 % of the population were 19 years or younger while 27.4% were between 20 and 30 years. Having 409,500 people employed in the city and surrounding areas and the city having been ranked by KPMG in 20067 as one of the least expensive locations to do business in Canada makes it an appropriate location for Waitrose. (Winnipeg 2011). Time frame and sequence of Strategy Entry and Exit strategies Australia Canberra Strategic Alliances: A more recent phenomenon is the development of a range of strategic alliances which are different from traditional joint ventures in which two partners contribute a fixed amount of resources and the venture develops on its own. In an alliance, two entire firms pool their resources directly in a collaboration that goes beyond the limits of a joint venture. (Luostorinen Gabrielson 20002). Although a new entity may be formed, it is not a requirement it could be supported by some equity acquisition of one or both of the partners. In an alliance, each partner brings a particular skill or resource-usually they are complementary-and by joining forces, each expects to profit from the other`s experience which will be the key driver behide the strategy for Waitrose to establish its brand in the Manitoba market. The alliances will involve distribution access, technology transfers or production technology with each partner contributing a different element to the venture. Th e type of the alliance to be applied will be a distribution-based one. (Global market 2011). Considering that alliances with two equal partners are more difficult to manage than those with a dominant partner as well as recognizing that the needs and aspirations of partners may change over the life of an alliance and in divergent ways, the partners will be chosen to have Waitrose as the dominant partner. The challenge in making an alliance work lies in the creation of multiple layers of connections or webs that reach across the partner organizations. It is envisioned that the alliances will eventually result in the creation of new organizations out of the cooperating parts of the partners. In that sense, the alliances will be just an intermediate stage until a new company can be formed or until the Waitrose assumes control of the business. This will be applied in the Manitobas Winnipeg and Modern cities. (Global market 2011). Canada Manitoba Mergers and Acquisitions: The need to enter international markets more quickly than through building a base from scratch or entering some type of collaboration has made the acquisition route extremely attractive aided by the opening of many financial markets, making the acquisition of publicly traded companies much easier. The method will be used for the Australian market to complement the Joint venture strategy will also apply in the same market. A major advantage of acquisitions is that they will quickly position Waitrose in a new business as it will not have to take the time to establish its presence or develop for itself the resources it does not already possess. The strategy will also be a means of taking a potential competitor out of the market. However the strategy is expected to be an expensive way to enter a market and integrating an acquired company into the business will be a challenging tasks confronting top management which will require qualified staff, significant fundi ng all resources of which Waitrose has. (Global market 2011). Functional strategies In the pursuit of the international market ventures, functional strategies will be geared towards: Understanding the connections between the lifestyle and expenditure characteristics of customers, their propensity to purchase one product or brand over another and leverage this understanding to achieve competitive advantage. Improving direct marketing response by ensuring that promotion is targeting the right market segment at the right time, using the right media with the right message. Leveraging consumer data to make better strategic decisions about products, marketing and locations. Increase customer loyalty and retention with a scientific, data driven approach to analytical CRM. The strategies will also be in consistent with the five pillars of retailing which include: Connecting with customer emotions. Solving customers problems. Setting the fairest and not the lowest prices. Treating customers with respect. Saving customers time. (Pavithira 2011). Marketing mix strategies Product positioning The positioning of Waitrose will be of much significant in earning customer loyalty and trust. This will be done by ensuring that service in the outlets will be satisfactory and convenient to the customers. The stores and outlets will have modern technology to enhance service to customers as well as be able to manage demand properly and ensure that customers will always get what they expect. Customers will be provided with online shopping system and partnership cards where they will earn vouchers or redeemable points whenever they shop. (Henderson 2011). Improved compared to the market existing brands focusing on niche market will entail being innovative in the market place. The enhanced products will compete with the existing brands in the market, attract new segments as well as attracting new customers who are not a part of the current target market for the existing products. (Kalyanaram 2011). Pricing The pricing will be done in consideration of competitors prices and to reflect value to customers. As a new venture in the market, the business will have a goal of earning a market share thus will require relatively lower pricing and perceived greater value for premium goods. (Marketing mix 2011). Reduced prices will be aimed at acquiring customers where products will be sold at lower prices attracting customers who would have not bought the products. The reduced prices will also be targeted at winning customers from the competitors. (Kalyanaram 2011). The business will make available in the market premium brands like the royal label; Duchy Originals which Waitrose was licensed to manufacture distribute and sell. Such products will be well positioned to capture market especially for the tourist destinations like Canberra in Australia. (Finch 2010). Distribution The business will reach consumers through different sales channels, stores, websites catalogues. As a retailer, the key aspect of distribution will be where the businesses will be located. In Australia Canberra and its town centers, the business will be located in the shoppers zone in order to make it convenient for the target market to access what they need. In Manitoba Canada, the businesses will be located in the City centers of Winnipeg and Modern City where the urban population, majority of who are working will be the target market. (Exforsys 2009) On the other side the business will make consumers more comfortable with internet shopping since allowing customers to return on-line purchase to their offline stores in case of any problem.(Pavithira 2011). Promotion The business will employ a number of promotion strategies including advertisement, free samples promotion for private label brands and packaging. Advertising will have three objectives of; creating awareness, passing information on available goods and persuading them to buy. Advertising will be done using the traditional media like Television and radio where the mature aged segment can be easily reached and also using the social media where the younger consumers can be easily reached especially considering their significant number in Manitoba Canada. Free samples will be offered in organized contests which will be used to induce the customers to try the new products. (Promotional mix 2011). Use of the partnership chard will be well suited where customers will earn vouchers each time they will spend in the outlets. The card will also be used to provide the customers information to the business where it will be easier to understand them and provide them with well suited products. (Partnership 2011). Operational strategies tactical actions schedule In order to roll out the internalization program successfully, some tactical actions and operations will need to be carried out as identified on the table below with their time line throught the program. Action: Explanation: Duration: Strategic partners identification This will be done for all the markets in Canada and Australia to identify the partners for joint ventures and alliances and identify the businesses which can be acquired in mergers and acquisitions 01/01/2012- 30/06/2012 Authorization and incorporation For the three strategies of entry, the business will seek to get authorization from the relevant authorities during this duration. 01/07/2010- 30/10/2012 Staff recruitment and training The business will hire additional new staff and train all including the acquired businesses staff about the Waitrose products, service and systems in order to help them meet customer satisfaction. 01/11/2012- 31/12/2012 Radio spots Television adverts Radio and Television stations will be identified which will be used to pass information to the markets. The identified medias will be used for advertisement throught the program. 01/11/2012- 30/12/2012 Online system and other systems update. The necessary systems for the business will be installed including the partnership card system and online shopping system for the purpose of E-retailing. 01/12/2012- 30/12/2012 Point of purchase The suitable positioning of the goods will be identified in all outlets so that the outlets can have the most efficient arrangement for customers convenience. 01/01/2013- 10/01/2013 Business stores stock up and launch. The identified and acquired businesses will be stoked up with Waitrose products and service will be launched. 11/01/2013- 30/02/2013 Personal selling. Will be done so as to create relationships with customers and seek to identify what customers will be looking for in a product. 2013-2017. Public relations. Will be a key success factor in trying to enhance good customer relations and handling unfavorable events, rumors and negative perceptions about the products and the company. 01/01/2013- 31/12/2017. Contests and promotions Will be organized so as to interact with consumers and create awareness as well as getting their feedback. EVERY November and December of the year from 213 to 2017. Customer satisfaction survey. This will be done to identify whether the business meets the customers needs satisfactorily and what needs to be improved. Every June from 2013 to 2017. Organizational structure Organizational Structure In the international market expansion the business will adapt an organization structure which will identify the activities to be performed by specific employees and determining the line of authority and responsibility in the business. These tasks are divided into four major categories; strategic management, administrative management/operations, merchandise management, and store management. (Svjrao 2011) This will involve specifying all tasks that need to be performed and dividing their responsibilities among various individuals or channels. The tasks also need to be grouped and classified into a job with a title and description. The structure will also consider the market entry strategy used. (Retail Organization 2011). The strategic market and finance decisions will be under taken primarily by senior management: the CEO, COO, Vice presidents, and the board of directors representing shareholders considering that the acquisitions and joint ventures will bring in some share holders in the business who might not be necessarily employees of the business as has been with Waitrose operations in the UK. Administrative tasks will be performed by corporate staff employees who have specialized skills in human resources management, finance, accounting, real estate, distribution, and management information systems. People in these administrative functions will develop plans, procedures, and information to assist operating managers in implementing the retailers strategy. (Svjrao 2011) The primary operating or line managers will be involved in merchandise management and store management. These operating managers will implement the strategic plans with the assistance of administrative personnel. They will be required to make the day-to-day decisions that directly affect the retailers performance. (Svjrao 2011) The following is the outline of some of the divisions in the retail organization which is much the same as John Lewis organization structure. Owner/CEO or President Store Operations: Management, Cashier, Sales, Receiving, Loss Prevention Marketing: Visual Displays, Public Relations, Promotions Merchandising: Planning, Buying, Inventory Control Human Relations: Personnel, Training Finance: Accounting, Credit Technology: Information Technology (Retail Organization 2011). As the store grows and the retail business evolves, the dynamics of the organizations structure will change addressing the new tasks and responsibilities involved in the international operations. Therefore it will require redesigning the organizational chart to support the decision-making, collaboration and leadership capabilities. (Retail Organization 2011). Structures fit with strategy Strategic control Control system overview Control can be mainly classified as formal and informal with the formal controls being applied by the management in overseeing that tasks are carried out to the specified standards while informal control is work related and is implemented by those working on the tasks as the operations progress without necessarily seeking managerial authorization. Thus informal controls are the most frequent relating to how workers handle themselves and the service delivery. (Jawarski 1988). The measures will be appropriate for controlling and measuring achievement of the objectives like achieving the targeted market share, increasing sales and establishing an effective and efficient distribution network in the new markets. Elements of control Formal control will include process control on how the set standards are to be achieved. It will also include output control and marketing audits to establish progress levels. Process control The Company will focus process control on both management and organization control. Management control will ensure there are in place all resources and commitments necessary for the objectives achievement while organizational controls will focus on internal marketing ensuring cooperation between departments for smooth operation. (Jawarski 1988). ii. Output control Output control will seek to ensure that the quantifiable objectives are been achieved. This will be done by assessing information from the production and other operation departments and from independent surveys to help set achievable objectives and identify necessary measures to achieve them. (Jawarski 1988). Marketing audits Marketing audits will be performed before the execution of the marketing programs to identify the key factors. Two methods which will be used are; SWOT analysis and PESTEL model to analyze competition, marketing mix and macro environment factors. (Jawarski 1988). Informal control will include developing an organization culture for the business and creating a conducive working environment. Control fit with strategy and structure Conclusion